|
|
| Carbon | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,4 |
| Electron Configuration | 1s2 2s2 2p2 |
| Ground state | 3P0 |
| Atomic Volume | 4.58 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 2.55 |
| Magnetic ordering | Diamagnetic |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -6.2 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -7.45 x 10-11 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | No data. |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 105.0 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 710.9 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | (graphite) 8.517 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | (graphite) 119-165 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | No data. |
| Hardness |
|
| Mohs hardness | 1-2 graphite, 10 diamond |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | No data. |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
11.26 |
| Second
|
24.383 |
| Third
|
47.887 |
| Incompatibilities | Very strong oxidizers such as fluorine, chlorine trifluoride (ClF3)and potassium peroxide (K2O2). |
| Flammability |
|
| Combustible solid (graphite)
|
| Optical Properties |
|
| Refractive Index (solid) | 2.417 (diamond) |
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
0.277 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
70 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
67 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
77 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
170 pm |
| Triple covalent
|
60 pm |
| Metallic
|
No data. |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 4 | III | 0.06 | -0.08 | |
| IV | 0.29 | 0.15 | P | |
| VI | 0.3 | 0.16 | A | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
C-4, C+2, C+4 |
| Other
|
|
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
1086.2 |
| M+ - M2+ |
2352 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
4620 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
6222 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
37827 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
47270 |
| Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1) |
|
| C-H
|
411 |
| C-C
|
348 |
| C=C
|
614 |
C C
|
839 |
| C=N
|
615 |
| CN
|
891 |
| C=O
|
745 |
| CO
|
1074 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 2839 | 3048 | 3289 | 3572 | 3908 | |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Hexagonal close packed |
 |
a = 246.4 pm |
| b = 246.4 pm | |
| c = 671.1 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 120° | |